額定電壓(又稱(chēng)參比電壓):表示電能表接入電路的電壓,一般有220V;3×380V;3×380/220V;3×100V;3×100/萬(wàn)V.
額定電流:表示電能表接入電路的標(biāo)定電流和額定大允許電流。標(biāo)定電流僅作為計(jì)算電能表負(fù)載的基數(shù),而額定電流是電能表允許長(zhǎng)期工作的負(fù)載電流。例如,標(biāo)注為1.5(6)A和10(40)A的電能表,標(biāo)定電流是1.5A和10(40)A,大允許負(fù)載電流則分別為6A和40A。
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額定頻率(又稱(chēng)參比頻率):表示確定電能表有關(guān)特性的頻率值,以赫茲(Hz)為單位。產(chǎn)電能表的額定頻率均為50Hz。
二、電能表的主要技術(shù)特性
(l)準(zhǔn)確度等級(jí)及負(fù)載范圍。我家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,有功電能表的準(zhǔn)確度等級(jí)為0.5級(jí)、1.O級(jí)和2.0級(jí);無(wú)功電能表的準(zhǔn)確度等級(jí)為2.0級(jí)和3.0級(jí)。在額定電壓、額定電流、額定頻率及cos+一1的條件下,1.O級(jí)三相電能表工作5000h,其他電能表工作3000h后,其基本誤差仍應(yīng)符合原來(lái)準(zhǔn)確度等級(jí)的要求。
電能表的標(biāo)定電流僅作為計(jì)算電能表負(fù)載的基數(shù),而大電流是允許長(zhǎng)期工作的電流。電能表性能好壞的重要標(biāo)志,就是它所能應(yīng)用的負(fù)載電流范圍的寬窄。寬負(fù)載電能表的使用電流可超過(guò)標(biāo)定電流的二倍、三倍、四倍,甚至六倍、七倍等。在容許超過(guò)的范圍內(nèi),其基本誤差仍應(yīng)不超過(guò)原來(lái)規(guī)定的數(shù)值。這一性能用“額定大電流”表示,
(2)靈敏度。當(dāng)電能表在額定電壓、額定頻率及功率因數(shù)cos+=1的條件下,調(diào)節(jié)負(fù)載電流,從零均勻地上升,只有達(dá)到一定大小時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)才開(kāi)始不停地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),這個(gè)能使電能表開(kāi)始不停地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的電流與標(biāo)定電流的百分比,即為電能表的靈敏度。按規(guī)定,此電流不能大于規(guī)定電流的0.5%。
(3)潛動(dòng)(又稱(chēng)無(wú)載自動(dòng))。潛動(dòng)是指負(fù)載電流等于零時(shí),電能表轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)仍然稍微轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象,按照規(guī)定,電能表電流線路中的電流為零,而加于電壓線路上的電壓為額定值的800/~110%時(shí),電能表的轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)不應(yīng)旋轉(zhuǎn)完整的一轉(zhuǎn)(對(duì)于凸輪式計(jì)數(shù)器,此條件僅適于一個(gè)凸輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng));否則即為“潛動(dòng)”。
電能表“潛動(dòng)”是不正?,F(xiàn)象,是電能表元件裝配和調(diào)整不合理造成的。
(4)功率消耗。當(dāng)電能表的電流線圈中無(wú)電流時(shí),在額定電壓及額定頻率下,單相電能表電壓線路中和三相電能表每個(gè)電壓線路中,所消耗的功率不應(yīng)超過(guò)規(guī)范。
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