數(shù)控車床是機(jī)電一體化的典型產(chǎn)品,是集機(jī)床、計(jì)算機(jī)、電機(jī)及其拖動(dòng)、自動(dòng)控制、檢測(cè)等技術(shù)為一身的自動(dòng)化設(shè)備。其中主軸運(yùn)動(dòng)是數(shù)控車床的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容,以完成切削任務(wù),其動(dòng)力約占整臺(tái)車床的動(dòng)力的70%~80%?;究刂剖侵鬏S的正、反轉(zhuǎn)和停止,可自動(dòng)換檔和無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速。
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在目前數(shù)控車床中,主軸控制裝通常是采用交流變頻器來(lái)控制交流主軸電動(dòng)機(jī)。為滿足數(shù)控車床對(duì)主軸驅(qū)動(dòng)的要求,必須有以下性能:(1)寬調(diào)速范圍,且速度穩(wěn)定性能要高;(2)在斷續(xù)負(fù)載下,電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)要小;(3)加減速時(shí)間短;(4)過(guò)載能力強(qiáng);(5)噪聲低、震動(dòng)小、壽命長(zhǎng)。
本文介紹了采用數(shù)控車床的主軸驅(qū)動(dòng)中變頻控制的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)與運(yùn)行模式,并闡述了無(wú)速度傳感器的矢量變頻器的基本應(yīng)用。
2 數(shù)控車床主軸變頻的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)與運(yùn)行模式
2.1 主軸變頻控制的基本原理
由異步電機(jī)理論可知,主軸電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速公式為:
n=(60f/p)×(1-s)
其中p—電動(dòng)機(jī)的極對(duì)數(shù),s—轉(zhuǎn)差率,f—供電電源的頻率,n—電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速。從上式可看出,電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速與頻率近似成正比,改變頻率即可以平滑地調(diào)節(jié)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,而對(duì)于變頻器而言,其頻率的調(diào)節(jié)范圍是很寬的,可在0~400hz(甚至更高頻率)之間任意調(diào)節(jié),因此主軸電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速即可以在較寬的范圍內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)。
當(dāng)然,轉(zhuǎn)速提高后,還應(yīng)考慮到對(duì)其軸承及繞組的影響,防止電機(jī)過(guò)分磨損及過(guò)熱,一般可以通過(guò)設(shè)定頻率來(lái)進(jìn)行限定。
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